GCU Implementation of Watson’s Theory of Human Caring Case Study Discussion

Week 5: Assignment – Critical Appraisal of Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring

Assignment Prompt

Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring is a conceptual thread in the USU College of Nursing’s curriculum framework. The purpose of this assignment is to offer students the opportunity to be exposed to Human Caring Science while providing students with the skills of critical appraisal of evidence.

Students will select one nursing research article that focuses on a study that used Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring as a theoretical framework.

Students should use as a guide, an appropriate Rapid Critical Appraisal Checklist found in Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt (2019; pp. 708-722).

The critiques are to be informal, although correct grammar, spelling, etc., are expected. The critique should include a brief description of the study that was reviewed and should address elements of the study relevant to critique.

Students will provide a written critique on a critical appraisal of the elements relevant to the nature of the research study such as type of study, design, quality of the study; and rationale, as well as implications for practice and further research and/or evaluation.

Rapid Critical Appraisal Checklist for a Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT)
1. Are the study findings valid?
a. Were the subjects randomly assigned to the
experimental and control groups?
Yes
No
Unknown
b. Was random assignment concealed from the
individuals who were first enrolling subjects into
the study?
Yes
No
Unknown
c. Were the subjects and providers blind to the
study group?
Yes
No
Unknown
d. Were reasons given to explain why subjects did not
complete the study?
Yes
No
Unknown
e. Were the follow-up assessments conducted long
enough to fully study the effects of the intervention?
Yes
No
Unknown
f. Were the subjects analyzed in the group to which
they were randomly assigned?
Yes
No
Unknown
g. Was the control group appropriate?
Yes
No
Unknown
h. Were the instruments used to measure the
outcomes valid and reliable?
Yes
No
Unknown
i. Were the subjects in each of the groups similar
on demographic and baseline clinical variables?
Yes
No
Unknown
Yes
No
Unknown
Yes
No
Unknown
2. What are the results of the study and are they important?
a. How large is the intervention or treatment effect
(NNT, NNH, Effect size, level of significance)?
b. How precise is the intervention or treatment (CI)?
3. Will the results help me in caring for my patients?
a. Were all clinically important outcomes measured?
b. What are the risks and benefits of the treatment?
c. Is the treatment feasible in my clinical setting?
d. What are my patients/family’s values and expectations
for the outcome that is trying to be prevented and
the treatment itself?
Modified from Melnyk, B. (2004). Rapid Critical Appraisal of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs): An
Essential Skill for Evidence-Based Practice, Melnyk, Pediatric Nursing Journal.
© Fineout-Overholt & Melnyk, 2005. This form may be used for educational, practice change & research purposes
without permission.
International Journal of Caring Sciences
ORIGINAL
January-April 2015 Volume 8 Issue 1
Page 25
PAPER
Implementation of Watson’s Theory of Human Caring: A Case Study
Yeter Durgun Ozan, PhD, BSN
Assistant professor, School of Nursing, University of Dicle, Diyarbakır, Turkey
Hülya Okumuş, Ph.D
Professor, Şifa Üniversit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
Ayhan Aytekin Lash, PhD, RN, FAAN
Professor Emeritus, School of Nursing and Health Studies, Northern Illinois University
DeKalb, Illinois, USA
Correspondence: Ayhan Aytekin Lash, Professor Emeritus, School of Nursing and Health Studies, Northern
Illinois University DeKalb, Illinois, USA E-mail: ayhanalash@gmail.com
Abstract
This manuscript presents a case study detailing the application, and the outcome, of the Watson’s Theory of
Human Caring to an infertile woman receiving in vitro fertilization treatment. The implementations of the ten
carative factors, inherent in the theory, to provide a supportive nursing care are chronicled. The sustained nursepatient interaction and the achievement of the ultimate goal of having the patient reach the phase of “healthhealing-wellness” (carative factor #7) were detailed. This case study is an example of the value of a theory-based
nursing practice that can enhance human health and healing in stressful life events, such as “the moment” when
the patient in this case study realized her inability to have conceived a much desired child, even with promising
medical treatments, and turned to her nurse for healing.
Keywords: Infertility, unsuccessful IVF treatment, Watson’s theory of human caring
Introduction
Infertility is not only a physiological problem but
it is one that can initiate a life crisis that is
experienced with psychological, familial, social,
and cultural consequences (Devine, 2003).
Hence, increasingly, infertile couples look for a
recovery from this life crisis and often turn to invitro-fertilization (IVF) for solutions. In the
beginning of the treatment, couples are hopeful
that a pregnancy will occur (Boden, 2007).
However, success is not a given, repeated
treatments may be needed before fertilization is
achieved.
Given the recurrent need for
retreatment, from the very beginning it is
important that health care professional assess
how the women may adjust to unsuccessful
outcomes. In fact, this early assessment may be
the key to prepare them to cope with feelings of
failure, loss, hopelessness, and regain the
emotional health to initiate retreatment. This
early assessment is also necessary because
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evidence suggests that women cannot become
pregnant if they are under emotional distress
during the treatments (Durgun-Ozan & Okumuş,
2013; Benyamini, Gozlan & Kokia, 2005; Widge
2005; Verhaak et al, 2005; Franco et al, 2002;
Hammarberg, 2001). Further, Fawcett (2005) and
others (Chin, 2001; Fawcett et al, 2001), indicate
that when unsuccessful IVF treatment occurs,
giving nursing care based on nursing-specific
theories that provide holistic nursing care,
including individual assessment, observation, and
a keen focus on problems unique to each woman,
may be essential. In terms of clinical application
of these studies, it is evident that the women
undergoing fertility treatments need constant
monitoring of emotional health in tandem with
theory-based emotional support, and a nursing
approach that is based on close, individualized,
when possible, face-to-face contact (DurgunOzan & Okumuş, 2013). A recent (2014)
randomized study reported that nursing care
based on Watson’s theory of Human Caring
International Journal of Caring Sciences
January-April 2015 Volume 8 Issue 1
decreased the negative impact of infertility in
women receiving infertility treatment (ArslanÖzkan, Okumuş & Buldukoğlu, 2014).
Therefore, the goal in this particular nursing case
study was to prepare an infertile woman to accept
an outcome of an initially unsuccessful treatment
and, at an appropriate time, support the woman in
her decision to try re-treatment. In order to reach
this goal, however, it was explore and delineate
the kind of nursing interventions that would be
effective in helping the infertile woman cope
with her negative feelings about self, and thereby,
improve her sense of well-being (Payne &
Goedeke, 2007). Hence, this case was undertaken
to assess and evaluate the implementation of the
Watson’s theory of Human Caring to the care of
a woman who has had unsuccessful IVF
treatment at first attempt.
Watson’s Theory of Human Caring
The theory of Watson’s Human Caring focuses
on human and nursing paradigm (Fawcett, 2005).
It asserts that a human being cannot be healed as
an object. It argues, on the contrary, that he/she is
part of his/her self, environment, nature, and the
larger universe. In this theory, the environment is
defined as comfortable, beautiful, and peaceful
(Lukaose, 2011; Watson, 2009; Watson, 2007)
and that caring is the moral ideal that entails
mind-body-soul engagement with one another.
Nursing is categorized as a humanitarian science
and characterized as a profession that performs
personal, scientific, ethical, and aesthetical
practice. Watson’s theory of Human Caring aims
to ensure a balance and harmony between health
and illness experiences of a person. Watson states
that in a holistic approach to caring for a human,
there are mind-body-spirit sub-dimensions, all of
which reflect the whole as the whole is different
from her/his sub-dimensions (Jesse, 2006;
Fawcett, 2005; Cara, 2003). Therefore, applying
Watson’s Theory of Human Caring to the nursing
care of infertile woman, in this case study, found
to be a fitting approach for the following reasons:
1) Theory of Human Caring is people-oriented
that accepts the peculiar dimensions of human
integrity without compromising its mind-bodyspirit (Jesse, 2006; Fawcett, 2005; Watson &
Foster, 2003; Rafael, 2000).
2) The theory signifies that love is the most
important healing source in nursing care
(Watson, 2012).
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3) The theory defines nursing as the process of
human-to-human caring (Fawcett, 2005) which
consists of four basic concepts: healing
processes,
interpersonal
maintenance
of
relationship, the caring moment, and awareness
of healing.
4) The ten carative factors inherent in the theory
and the well delineated caritas process (Table 1)
provide lucid guide to clinical implementation of
the theory. Based on the above characteristics of
the theory, the case study design was chosen as a
method of study. Case studies are in-depth
investigation of a single entity or a small number
of entities (Polit & Beck, 2008) which may be an
individual, family, group, or other social units.
The case study approach is particularly valuable
for health science research to test and further
develop theories, evaluate programs, and develop
interventions. Case studies are empirical methods
to demonstrate how a theory may be applied to
practice (Baxter & Jack, 2008). Consisted with
the method of single case study, the first author, a
clinician and a nurse-investigator, developed a
practice protocol based on Watson’ Theory of
Human Caring, to care for an infertile woman
who has had unsuccessful IVF treatment.
Case Study
Case Study Objectives
1. Explore theory-based approaches to the
holistic care of women with unsuccessful IVF
treatment that can assist health care
professionals in this specialty to provide
effective nursing care.
2. To ascertain the effectiveness of Watson’s
theory of Human Caring in assisting women to
cope with unsuccessful IVF
treatments in
traditional cultures where women’s infertility is
equated with dishonor and shame.
Method
Participant selection and ethical
considerations
Initially an approval for this single-case case
study was obtained from the institutional review
board of the medical center that operated the
IVP clinic in a city located in the Southern part
of Turkey. The participant for this study was,
then, randomly selected from the group of
individuals receiving care at the clinic. The
participant was first asked verbally if she would
International Journal of Caring Sciences
January-April 2015 Volume 8 Issue 1
be willing to participate in the study. When the
response was affirmative, a written consent was
obtained.
The
consent
form
assured
confidentiality and described the specific nature
of the case method, and particularly that it was a
Page 27
nursing study. It also stated that the
participation was voluntary and that she could
withdraw from the study anytime and that the
withdrawal would have no impact, what-soever, on the care she was receiving.
Table 1. Ten carative factors and caritas processes
Carative factors
1.
Humanistic –altruistic system
Caritas processes
Practicing loving-kindness/compassion and equanimity for self/other.
of values.
2.
Enabling faith-hope
Being authentically present; enabling belief system and subjective
world of self/other
3.
4.
Cultivation of sensitivity to
Cultivating own spiritual practices; beyond ego-self to authentic
self and others
transpersonal presence
Helping-trusting, human care
Sustaining a loving, trusting and caring relationship.
relationship
5.
6.
Expression of positive and
Allowing for expression of feelings; authentically listening and
negative feelings
“holding another person’s story for them”
Creative problem-solving
Creatively solution seeking through caring process, full use of self;
caring process
all ways of knowing/doing/being; engage in artistry of human caringhealing practices and modalities
7.
Transpersonal teaching-
Authentic teaching-learning within context of caring relationship;
learning.
stay within other’s frame of reference; shift toward a health-healingwellness coaching model
8.
9.
Supportive, protective, and/or
Creating healing environment at all levels; physical, nonphysical,
corrective mental, social,
subtle environment of energy and consciousness, wholeness, beauty,
spiritual environment.
dignity and peace are potentiated.
Human needs assistance
Reverentially and respectfully assisting with basic needs, holding an
intentional, caring consciousness of touching the embodied spirit of
another as sacred practice, working with life force/life energy/life
mystery of another.
10
Existential-phenomenological-
Opening and attending to spiritual, mysterious, unknown and
Spiritual forces
existential dimensions of all the vicissitudes of life change; “allowing
for miracle.” All of this is presupposed by a knowledge base and
clinical competence.
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January-April 2015 Volume 8 Issue 1
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(Watson, 2012)
Caring Moments/ Occasions
Clinical Caritas Processes
Face-to-face interview before
and after the pregnancy test



Expression of positive and negative feelings
Human needs assistance
Existential-phenomenological-Spiritual forces
Telephone interview upon a
failed treatment



Humanistic –altruistic system of values.
Cultivation of sensitivity to self and others
Helping-trusting, human care relationship
1
2




Expression of positive and negative feelings
Creative problem-solving caring process
Supportive, protective, and/or corrective mental, social, spiritual
environment.
Transpersonal teaching-learning.



Humanistic –altruistic system of values.
Enabling faith-hope
Cultivation of sensitivity to self and others
Telephone interview upon a
failed treatment
3
Face-to-face interview upon a
failed treatment
4
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International Journal of Caring Sciences
January-April 2015 Volume 8 Issue 1
A separate written consent to audiotape
interviews was also obtained. Confidentiality and
anonymity, which are a matter of great concern
for individuals receiving infertility treatments,
were maintained throughout the interviews and in
transcriptions by using code names.
The interviews were audiotaped, then, transcribed
verbatim in Turkish language. Subsequently,
transcriptions were translated from Turkish to
English. The final version of the English
translation was re-reviewed and refined by the
first two investigators. Finally, translation was
reviewed and further edited by the third author,
bilingual nurse-researcher proficient in both
Turkish and English.
Implementation of the Case Study
Mrs. E. Y, is a 23-year-old, junior high school
graduate and housewife who lives in the center of
an urban city. Mrs. E.Y is Muslim and she
introduces herself as a faithful person to her
religion and beliefs. Her husband lives in a
different city away from the family due to work.
Mrs. E.Y has been married for three years.
She indicated that her in-laws expected
grandchildren by now, and blamed her for not
having had any children. In Turkey, in order for a
woman to earn familial respect and social status,
she must give birth. If a woman does not become
pregnant, she is to blame first and soon becomes
stigmatized as “barren”. Mrs. E. Y. and her
husband, both interested in having several
children, have been trying to conceive for the last
two years. After two years of no pregnancy they
began the IVF treatment. As part of IVF
treatments, four oocytes were obtained via the
Oosit Pick Up (OPU) operation. To their delight,
one of the three alive embryos, resulted in
successful fertilization. The fertilized embryo
was then transferred to Mrs. E.Y, the other two
were frozen per the couple’s wish. However,
even though the fertilization process was
successful the pregnancy did not seem to occur.
Ms. E. Y. and her husband were was asked to
come to the clinic to receive a pregnancy test
and, based on the results, consider options.
Receiving the results of the pregnancy test,
positive or negative, is one of the most critical
moments for women who have received IVF
treatments. Hence, both the physicians and nurses
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Page 29
are encouraged to be present at the time the test
results are presented.
Consistent with the plan previously approved,
Watson’s Theory of Human Caring was initiated
to the care of Mrs. E.Y. which included four
interviews/interactions. The first interview was to
be conducted on the same day, in two parts: a
brief interview/interaction before, and the second,
after the result of the pregnancy test was
revealed. Both of these initial interviews were
conducted face-to-face at the clinic. The third
and the fourth interviews were conducted by
telephone, as Mrs. E.Y wished not to come to the
clinic. The interviews lasted from 45 to 90
minutes depending on how much the participant
wished to share. Figure 1 summarizes the major
steps taken in the application of theory to the care
of Mrs. E.Y.
Caring and Healing Process
First Interview/Interaction
I have known Ms. E. Y. since the beginning of
her IVF treatment process. During this period we
developed a trusting and caring relationship as
she shared her feelings, fears, and concerns with
me [CCP#4]. This sustained relationship made
me perceive her not as an IVF patient but as a
person with hopes and aspirations for a family
life. As the couple walked in for the pregnancy
test, I welcomed Mrs. E.Y. and her husband in
the role of IVF nurse implementing Watson
Theory of Human Caring.
Nurse: Welcome Mrs. E.Y. and Mr. Ö.Y.
Mrs. E.Y and Mr. Ö.Y: Thank you, Nurse Yeter
(We looked at each other with a smile. From that
moment,
the caring process started.)
Nurse: How do you feel since our last meeting? I
recall you had back pains: do you still have
them? I gave you some recommendations. Were
you able to practice those? Were they helpful?
[CCP#6, CCP#7].
Mrs. E.Y: Before I talked to you, I had thought I
was going to have a miscarriage and I was so
scared. The recommendations you gave me made
me feel so comfortable. I felt less scared. I was
doing what I could.
Nurse: You know that you will have pregnancy
test today. If you want, we can have a talk while
International Journal of Caring Sciences
January-April 2015 Volume 8 Issue 1
we are waiting. I realize this is an important time
for you two. (Mrs. E.Y. knew that I was there for
her and would care for her at every stage of the
treatment. I could tell that now she considered me
as her own nurse) [CCP#4]. Her movements and
gaze felt like she was nervous. I asked her talk to
me about how she felt while we were waiting for
the result of the pregnancy test [CCP#3, CCP#5,
CCP#10]).
Mrs. E.Y: Okay… I would be glad… If I don’t
talk to you, I will get really tense waiting for the
results.
Caring and Healing Process
Observing her tense state, I invited Mrs. E.Y. to a
room that was designed for private talks with IVF
patients. According to Watson’s Theory of
Human Caring, the environment of the patient
should be organized and decorated in physically,
mentally, spiritually comfortable, and peaceful
way (Lukose, 2011; Watson, 2008). Consistent
with the theory, the rooms used for this purpose
had been decorated as a healing environment. A
sign “An Interview in progress: Do Not Disturb”
was hung on the door. The room was small,
quiet, warmly-decorated, like a family room.
Tissue paper box and water were kept handy
inside the room. I sat close to Mrs. E.Y. [CCP#8]
to meet her needs for human assistance at a
critical time. [CCP#9]).
Nurse: All right E., would you like to share with
me how you feel right now? [CCP#5, CCP#10].
Mrs. E.Y: I’m having complicated feelings right
now. I’m so excited and nervous. I can’t keep
myself from wondering whether I’m pregnant or
not– all the time.
Nurse: (I held her hands): I understand! I share
your feelings. I have been along with you since
the beginning of your IVF treatments. We went
through the process together. I know that you’ve
done your best so as to have a successful
outcome. Now we need to think positive. I will
always be with you, and near you. [CCP#2,
CCP#4].
Mrs. E.Y Yes, you are right… When our
previous doctor told us that we would never be
able to have kids, our whole world came crashing
down around us. However, we never lost hope.
Thank God! Actually, having received this
treatment is like a miracle for us.
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Nurse: You thing reaching to this stage of IVF
treatment as a miracle? [CCP#10]
Mrs. E.Y: Yes, because when our previous
doctor had told us we would never be able to
have kids, my husband’s hopes were dashed. He
did not want to see any hospitals.
But I never lost hope. We came here and met
you; you have always been there for us and
supported us, until now everything worked out
alright.
Caring and Healing Process
In this particular IVF clinic the results of the
pregnancy tests are presented by doctors. I talked
to the couple’s doctor and told him wished to be
in the room when the result of the test is
presented [CCP#3.)
This was going to be a difficult experience for
me. To prepare myself for the possible negative
results, I went to the bathroom, washed my hands
and face. After a few deep breathes, I infused
myself into being stronger. [CCP#1, CCP#3] to
better assist Mrs. E.Y. in receiving the test
results. Mrs. E.Y. had told me that she wanted to
hold my hands while she received the news.
Three of us walked to the room in unison
[CCP#4] greeting the physician. Then, her
physician announced the pregnancy test was
negative. Mrs. E. Y. started to cry. She held my
hands and looked into my eyes and asked as if to
hear differently.
Mrs. E.Y: “I’m not pregnant?”
At this emotional moment, I and Mrs. E. Y were
feeling exactly the same. I could not prevent
myself from crying too. I continued to hold her
hands tightly looking into her eyes. Witnessing
her profound disappointment to the failed
pregnancy was heart breaking [CCP#1].
Mrs. E.Y: I want to go home and be alone as
soon as possible. I feel terrible now…(crying).
The couple stood up with a definite intention to
leave the room, and then perhaps the clinic. I
walked them to the door. I respected their
feelings sharing their silence. Before they left, I
told them that I would like to continue our
relationship.
Nurse: I can only imagine how you feel. I will
always be with you, whenever you need to talk
please contact me. May I also call you?
International Journal of Caring Sciences
January-April 2015 Volume 8 Issue 1
Mrs. E. Y. No response and a swift exit.
Caring and Healing Process
I began to plan as to, how can I help Mrs. E.Y.
recover from her disappointment. How can I help
her gain the mind-body-soul harmony [CCP#9]
to make her hope and believe again. [CCP#2,
CCP#6]
Second Interview (by Phone): I called Mrs. E.Y.
two days later.
Nurse: Hello Mrs. E.Y. How do you feel today?
Mrs. E.Y: (She sounded tired and sad). I’m all
right… there is nothing to do… (she stopped
speaking).
Nurse: I can only imagine how you must have
been feeling during these days. Do you wish to
share your feelings with me [CCP#5]?
Mrs. E.Y: I feel horrible now… I need to be
alone a little more.
Nurse: I understand, Mrs. E.Y., as you wish…
You know that you can call me whenever you
want. Take care [CCP#3].
Caring and Healing Process
This brief interaction showed to me Mrs. E.Y.
was still experiencing a sense of profound loss
even though there were opportunities to try again.
I realized her disappointment with the failed
pregnancy was still fresh and she needed to be
alone to deal with it. It was also evident to me
that our brief interactions were insufficient to
help her cope with her loss. However, I needed to
respect her wishes to be left alone with a caring
and healing consciousness. The immediate
challenge was to help Mrs. E.Y. to pull herself
together and gain hope again. Because regaining
the sense of hope was the key for her to start retreatment. I searched to find an approach that
would reflect a caring relationship and encourage
her find a meaning out of this experience
[CCP#4].
I also knew that my refined approach should
reflect love and greater compassion. I came to a
conclusion that, as her nurse, I needed to be by
her side more frequently and show more
compassion in our interactions.
Third Interview (by phone):
Two days passed by but Mrs. E.Y. had not called.
Due to the fact that Mrs. E.Y. didn’t feel ready to
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Page 31
come to the clinic and preferred to stay alone, I
decided to call her and conduct the third
interview on the phone.
Nurse: Hello, Mrs. E.Y., how do you feel today?
Mrs. E.Y: I feel a little better! (Her voice
sounded stronger compared to our previous
phone conversation)
Nurse: If you are able talk comfortably and have
time I would like you share with me how have
you been
feeling [CCP#5]? Would it be
OK to talk on the phone, would you rather come
to the clinic?
Caring and Healing Process
In Turkey, most of the couples that start IVF
treatment keep it as a secret. Thus, the IVF nurses
pay strict attention to the matters like the
availability of patients, and when to call them
[CCP#8].
Mrs. E.Y: We can talk now. Not being able to
become pregnant upset me so much. The test
result shook me in my core. I was deeply affected
by it. Everything was working out all right. Since
everything seemed positive, facing up such a
result was quite difficult for me. But now I feel a
bit better.
Nurse: The reason I called you today is to tell
you that I wish to be by you as your nurse and
tell you that you are not alone. I am happy to hear
about your feelings. Also, going through
something like this alone is difficult. Is there
anyone supporting you? Are your parents and
family members helping you? Do you feel
comfortable being around them [CCP#4]?
Mrs. E.Y: My husband has always been beside
me. He has been stronger than me. Thanks to my
neighbors, I have never been alone. Yet the first
day was a nightmare. Thank God, I have gotten
over it. I need a little more time to pull myself
together.
Nurse: I agree! It is helpful that you get support
from your family and the people around you. It
will make it easier for you to overcome this
difficult period.
Mrs. E.Y: Yes, you’re right. As you know, our
families live in different cities. They are inviting
us over. They think that if we stay with them
during this period, it will make us overcome this
disappointment more easily.
International Journal of Caring Sciences
January-April 2015 Volume 8 Issue 1
Nurse: What do you think about visiting them?
Mrs. E.Y: In fact, neither I nor my husband,
wish to accept the invitations because if we go
there our relatives will be asking thousand
questions. Why didn’t you have a baby? Which
one of you has the problem? Why don’t you try
the treatments elsewhere?
Nurse: How do you feel about yourself being in
such an environment? How do you plan on
responding to their questions?
Mrs. E.Y: I don’t feel like I can answer these
questions. My mother-in-law will be asking too
many questions. She will be acting like I am the
one to blame for everything… She will try to
accuse me by saying things like I didn’t take care
of myself and rest well-enough after the embryo
transfer. I know I would remain silent regarding
what she says and keep everything bottled up
inside of me; this makes me angry and nervous.
The in-laws make me and my husband drink
herbal tea so that we could have children.
Unfortunately, no matter where we go, our not
having children comes back to haunt us.
Nurse: I understand how you feel. It is unfair to
be blamed for something you have no control
over. However, it looks like you would be going
through difficulties times with the in-laws. We
need a plan to cope with their blaming.
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Nurse: If talking is putting you at ease, you can
share how you feel with the people that you trust
and feel comfortable with. [CCP #7]
Mrs. E.Y: I poured myself into cleaning these
days; I’ve been passing time by cleaning the
house. And I’ve been praying to God. Everything
was working out all right in our treatment… Why
didn’t it happen?… (She started crying)
Nurse: I understand how you feel! It must be so
difficult for you to realize the treatment did not
work.
Mrs. E. Y.: A short pause, then suddenly! This is
not rebellion against God… I always thank God
for what we have… However, there are so many
questions in my mind.
Nurse: Praying could be good for you
[CCP#10]. You can ask me the same questions
you have on your mind [CCP#6; CCP#7]. In
fact, when you feel better, or feel like talking
with me, why not come up to the clinic and we
can talk about your feelings [CCP#7] face-toface.
Mrs. E.Y: Okay, I do want to sit and talk to you
in person.
Nurse: O! Great!. I would be so happy to speak
with you, as well. If it’s okay with you, we can
meet in a few days. Is that OK?
Mrs. E.Y: What is worse when we visit our
families is that all of our relatives have kids… It
breaks my heart to see my husband playing with
their kids and looking at them wistfully…
Mrs. E.Y: Yes! In a few days.
Nurse: O! Yes, that must be so hard on you. But
les us think, what do you feel comfortable doing
at this stage? We can plan something together.
Nurse: You can tell them that, like “I love to see
but I am not quite ready”. I am sure they will
respect your wishes. I realize it may be difficult
to come out and say it but can you give it a try?
In this particular clinic, pregnant women whose
pregnancy occurred via IVF method are
monitored
frequently.
The
interview
appointments of the women, whose treatment
results are negative, are arranged in such an order
that they would not encounter the other pregnant
women. [CCP#1, CCP#8]. Within her consent,
an appointment was arranged for Mrs. E.Y. to
come on a day, at an hour, when the clinic had no
other appointments.
Mrs. E. Y.: Silence!
4th Interview: Face-to-face at the clinic
Nurse: Now, let us talk about you. Could you tell
me what you are doing to relieve your stress?
[CCP#10]?
Mrs. E.Y. entered the meeting room with a smile
on her face. I smiled back sitting on a couch next
to her, looking at her with sympathy and love.
Mrs. E.Y: Opening up to you, and my neighbors,
sets my mind at ease.
Nurse: Thank you for coming here. (I held her
hands). Welcome!
Mrs. E.Y: I don’t want to visit my family for a
long time.
www.internationaljournalofcaringsciences.org
Nurse: Goodbye and lots of love and hugs.
Caring and Healing Process
International Journal of Caring Sciences
January-April 2015 Volume 8 Issue 1
Mrs. E.Y: Thank you also. Talking to you is
good for me. It makes me feel better.
Then, I asked her how she was feelings since we
last talked. I asked how she dealt with the feeling
she had been experiencing [CCP#6] with family
and friends. She reiterated the discomfort she felt
being with the in-laws, relatives who had
children. Then we talked about various methods
of problem solving as far as her emotional status
[CCP#6].
Nurse: You have told me that there were some
questions you wanted to ask me. If you wish, we
can talk about those now [CCP#6]
Mrs. E.Y: After our conversation I realized that I
was making those concerns up in my own mind
and exaggerating them. I noticed that I was
making an issue of even the smallest things.
Nurse: Do you wish to speak more about these
feelings?
Mrs. E.Y: I had a great disappointment when I
couldn’t
become
pregnant.
All
those
vaccinations, drugs, procedures, and the
prolonged period of treatment tired me. But worst
of all was waiting for the pregnancy test result.
Then I thought to myself, what if none of the
embryos took. The thought of having a living
creature in me after the embryo transfer made me
so happy. Right now, I think that even that
experience was good for me. It happened once,
can happen again. I’ve never lost my hope.
Nurse: You and I went through the IVF
treatment process together. During this period, I
have also experienced emotions like you did. We
got excited, happy, sad, and together gained hope
again. So, I understand how your emotions kept
shifting. Do you want to talk about what you
want to do from here on? [CCP#2, CCP#8]
Mrs. E.Y: I want to have a rest for a few months
and recover. And then, as you also know, I have
more frozen embryos and I am hoping to restart
the treatment. Thank you so much for all the help
and support you gave me. You were always
beside me (She held my hand and smiled).
Nurse: Do you think the talks we have had were
helpful in your regaining hope? Was I able to
support you, calm you? Is there anything else I
could do for you now to help you feel better and
be more optimistic about your future treatments?
[CCP#3, CCP#5]
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Page 33
Mrs. E.Y: You’ve stood by me during the
treatment. You’ve never left me. I thought you
wouldn’t wish to see me after the treatment
failed. That the pregnancy failed and you were
done with me. But you did not leave me. You
were there for me at those times I needed you the
most.
Nurse: How did having such nursing care made
you feel? [CCP#5]
Mrs. E.Y: I never felt alone. It gave me peace
having someone stand by me, who is trustworthy
and always there for me. You have always
approached me with your positive energy and
smile. You always treated us as if I were special.
Nurse: Listening, facing her.
Mrs. E.Y: The fact that you stood by me when I
learned I wasn’t pregnant was so supportive.
Then you called me at home. You organized a
special atmosphere for our meetings. These
meetings made me fell accepted and content.
Nurse: Well, of course! I could not have left you
alone. The IVF treatment requires a holistic care;
it is not a process ends with treatments or
procedures. We know women need to be
supported before, during and after the treatment.
Seeing you arrive a state of feeling comfortable
with your feelings, and come to a decision to try
re-treatments really make me so happy.
Caring and Healing Process
Mrs. E.Y. recognized that her inability to become
pregnant was not an unexpected outcome of IVF
treatments. She returned back to her usual life. A
few months later, she returned to the clinic to try
another treatment cycle [CCP#2, CCP#8]. Her
return was a start of a renewed hope for her and,
for me, it was a new phase of nursing care based
on human caring.
Summary and Conclusion
Infertile couples start the IVF treatment with hopes of a pos
such a challenging treatment process, women
need a sustained supportive nursing care that
builds a helping-trusting, human care relationship
[CCP # 4]. In this case study, it was this
relationship that prepared the Mrs. E. Y. for the
announcement of the treatment outcome, an
emotional time whether the results are positive or
negative. As we saw during the meeting, when
Mrs. E. Y. was notified of the failed pregnancy,
she immediately turned to the nurse, not to any
International Journal of Caring Sciences
January-April 2015 Volume 8 Issue 1
other in the room, to repeat what she just heard,
“I am not pregnant?” Further, in trying to process
the information and find ways to cope with her
disappointment, she continued to interact with
her nurse only, feeling comfortable in showing
her profound disappointment with the results of
the treatment [CCP #5], and her inner struggle
with the way the in-laws and relatives viewed
her. This case study also showed that throughout
their interactions, the nurse was authentically
present with Mrs. E. Y, facing her, making eyecontact, holding hands, even her eyes
overflowing with tears, when the results were
announced. Yet the nurse, using her professional
knowledge, was still able to assist Mrs. E. Y. to
continue to have hope and faith in the treatments
[CCP #2]. Moreover, when Mrs. E. Y, became
withdrawn and refused to come to the clinic for
interviews, the nurse sustained the relationship,
via telephone, becoming a safe sounding board to
Mrs. E. Y. allowing Mrs. E. Y. to talk about
family expectations, her feelings of despair,
hopelessness and uncertainty [CCP #5]. It is
through this sustained interaction, the nurse was
able to move Mrs. E. Y. from hopelessness
towards creative problem solving [CCP #6].
While Mrs. E. Y was struggling with the decision
whether or not to seek another treatment, the
nurse was reverential and respectful of her
feelings, coaching Mrs. Y. E. gently toward a
health, healing, and wellness state [CCP #7] on
her own time [CCP # 9]. At the end of this
sustained caring interaction the nurse was able to
assist Mrs. E. Y to arrive a decision to retry the
treatment. The nurse was effective in helping
Mrs. E.Y to arrive a decision to retry treatments
because Mrs. E.Y perceived her nurse not only as
a caring professional but also the one with
professional knowledge, that the IVF treatments
can be successful, that she should keep hope and
give treatments another chance.
Page 34
providing care that projects, hope, respect, trust,
and compassion.
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