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In Brown v Board of Education, the Board of Education promotes independence because the Board of Education promotes the rights of the people of Kansas state to be governed by their laws without outside interference. The people of Kansas state lose their independence if the federal government overturns the state law. According to St. George Tucker, “When a nation is, from any external cause, deprived of the right of being governed by its own laws, only, such a nation may be considered as in a state of political slavery. Such is the state of conquered countries and, generally, of colonies and other dependent governments. Such was the state of united America before the revolution. In this case, the personal rights of the subject may be so far secured by wholesome laws, as that the individual may be esteemed free, whilst the state is subject to a higher power” (40C). ( comment for correction: Define independence based on the quote (40C))This means that states should be able to form laws and be governed by them. So, Board of Education promotes the concept because it supports the rights of the Kansas state( comment for corrections:-the state of Kansas people to be…) of “being governed by its own laws.”

In Brown v Board of Education, the Board of Education promotes federalism because the Board of Education keeps power divided between the federal and state governments by setting policies and standards in schools. The Board of Education of Kansas state can make laws and policies on education. According to Amendment X of the U.S. Constitution, “Federalism is defined as the division of power between the Federal and State governments, established by the U.S. Constitution, which assigns certain powers to the Federal government (especially in Article I.8) and reserves all other powers of government to the State governments” (39). This means that the state governments should have powers to make various laws.( comment for corrections: do not just focus on centralizing all the power to the federal government. Focus on the right of the people of the state to keep the power divided between the federal and state governments) So, the Board of Education promotes federalism because( comment for corrections: this would permit the of KS to….) it “reserves powers of the government to the state governments.”

In Brown v Board of Education, the concept of personal responsibility does not apply because they(comment for correctionwho is they) are not asking the government to help them avoid the consequences of their irresponsible behavior. According to Frederic Bastiat, “In the economic sphere, an act, a habit, an institution, a law does not give birth to only one effect, but to a series of effects. Of these effects, the first alone is immediate; it reveals itself at the same time as its cause; one sees it. The others only unfold successively, and one does not see them; it is fortunate if one foresees them. The entire difference between a good and bad economist is this: one cares about the visible effect; the other insists on taking into account both the effect that one sees and those that one must foresee”( Personal responsibility means doing the difficult action that has predictably good outcomes and avoiding the pleasant action that has predictably bad outcomes) (58A). This means that there are both short-term and long-term consequences of irresponsible behavior. Unfortunately, no side promotes this concept. apply the quote

In Brown v Board of Education, the Board of Education promotes personal liberties because the Kansas government gives the people freedom of choice( comment corrections: are the people asking the government to stay out their personal choices) within certain limits set by the state laws. Through the Board of Education, the Kansas government enables people to make their choices. According to Sir William Blackstone, “Political, therefore, or civil, liberty, which is that of a member of society, is no other than natural liberty so far restrained by human laws (and no farther) as is necessary and expedient for the general advantage of the public…. Every wanton and causeless restraint of the will of the subject, whether practiced by a monarch, a nobility, or a popular assembly, is a degree of tyranny…. Laws themselves, whether made with or without our consent, if they regulate and constrain our conduct in matters of mere indifference, without any good end in view, are laws destructive of liberty….” (67B).( focus on the rgt of people to do what they want without interference unless they are hurting people or acting irresponsibly) This means that people should be able to make their choices. However, laws should restrict them. So, the Board of Education promotes personal liberties because it makes policies that are not “destructive of liberty.”

In Brown v Board of Education, the Board of Education promotes living under a constitutionally limited government because the Board of Education will keep the federal government within the limits of the 14th amendment by making laws to secure ( correction comment: focus on the right of the ppl of the state to keep the federal gov’t within the limits of the 14th admendment, which gives the federal gov’t power over unequal protection of person and property but does not give the federal gov’t power over education)the unequal protection of people. According to Justice Goldberg, “This Court has held … that the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments protect certain fundamental personal liberties from abridgment by the Federal Government or the States…. The Ninth Amendment simply lends strong support to the view that the “liberty” protected by the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments from infringement by the Federal Government or the States is not restricted to rights specifically mentioned in the first eight amendments” (71B). This means that the laws in the U.S. Constitution limit the federal or state governments. Therefore, the Board of Education promotes living under a constitutionally limited government because it protects “personal liberties from abridgment by the Federal Government.” ( this last paragraph should have two quotes view directions)